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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Electric light. (Discuss) |
For devices such as table lamps and reading lamps, see Light fixture.
A lamp, in technical usage, is a replaceable component such as an incandescent light bulb, which is designed to produce light from electricity. These components usually have a base of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which makes an electrical connection in the socket of a light fixture. This connection may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, 2 metal caps or a bayonet cap. Re-lamping is the replacement of only the removable lamp in a light fixture.
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Incandescent light bulb as we know it today was commercialised in the 1920s. It is sometimes confused with the carbon filament lamp introduced in the 19th Century, or an earlier impractical type of metal filament lamp from the 1800s.
There is currently interest in banning some types of filament lamp in some countries, such as Australia planning to ban standard incandescent light bulbs by 2010, because they are inefficient at converting electricity to light. Less than 3% of the input energy is converted into usable light. Nearly all of the input energy ends up as heat that, in warm climates, must then be removed from the building by ventilation or air conditioning, often resulting in more energy consumption. In colder climates where heating and lighting is required during the cold and dark winter months, the heat byproduct has at least some value.
Halogen lamps, invented by Michael Twiford, are an improved type of incandescent lamp popularised in the 1970s. Halogens are designed for either slightly more efficiency, longer life or a little of both. The bulb capsule is under high pressure instead of a vacuum or low-pressure noble gas. Halogen bulbs all produce a warm white color temperature of around 3000 K, while standard (also called General Lighting Service or GLS) incandescent bulbs produce 2700 K light with a warm slightly yellow-tinted color temperature.
Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescents, which results in a very hot surface at over 200°C. For this reason, a fused-quartz capsule is used to enclose the filament, which is often sealed behind an additional layer of glass. The glass is a safety precaution, because halogen bulbs can explode if broken during operation. This can happen from coming into contact with water or oily residue from fingerprints. The risk of burns or fire is also greater than other bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places.
Fluorescent lamps, invented and patented by Nikola Tesla, have much higher efficiency than filament lamps. For the same amount of light generated, they typically use around ¼ to ⅓ the power of an incandescent.
Fluorescents were mostly limited to linear and a round \'Circline\' lamp until the 1980s, with other shapes never gaining much popularity. The compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) was commercialised in the early 1980s.
Most CFLs have a built-in electrical ballast and fit into a standard screw or bayonet base. Some make use of a separate ballast so that the ballast and tube can be replaced separately.
Typical average lifetime ratings for linear fluorescent tubes are 10,000 and 20,000 hours, compared to 750 hours (110 V) and 1000 hours (240 V) for filament lamps.
Some types of fluorescent lamp ballast have difficulty starting lamps in very cold conditions, so lights used outdoors in cold climates need to be designed for outdoor use to work reliably.
Fluorescents come in a range of different colour temperatures. In some countries cool white (CW) is most popular, while in some, warmer whites predominate.
In America, fluorescents most often come in cool white (CW), with some home bulbs being a warm white (WW), which has a pinkish color. In between there is an "enhanced white" (EW), which is more neutral. There is also a very cold daylight white (DW). Compact fluorescent lamps are usually considered warm white, though many have a yellowish cast like an incandescent. "Warm" and "cool" are entirely relative terms and almost arbitrary so color temperature and the color rendering index (CRI) are used as absolute scales of color for fluorescents, and sometimes for other types of lighting.
Solid state LEDs have been popular as indicator lights since the 1970s. In recent years, efficiency and output have risen to the point where LEDs are now being used in niche lighting applications.
Indicator LEDs are known for their extremely long life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operated much less conservatively (due to high LED cost per watt), and consequently have much shorter lives.
Due to the relatively high cost per watt, LED lighting is most useful at very low powers, typically for lamp assemblies of under 10w. LEDs are currently most useful and cost-effective in low power applications, such as nightlights and flashlights. Colored LEDs can also be used for accent lighting, such as for glass objects, and even in fake ice cubes for drinks at parties. They are also being increasingly used as holiday lighting.
LED efficiency varies over a very wide range. Some have lower efficiency than filament lamps, and some significantly higher. LED performance in this respect is prone to being misinterpreted, as the inherent directionality of LEDs gives them a much higher light intensity in one direction per given total light output.
Single colour LEDs are well developed technology, but white LEDs at time of writing still have some unresolved issues.
LED technology is useful for lighting designers because of its low power consumption, low heat generation, instantaneous on/off control, and in the case of single colour LEDs, continuity of color throughout the life of the diode and relatively low cost of manufacture.
In the last few years, software has been developed to merge lighting and video by enabling lighting designers to stream video content to their LED fixtures, creating low resolution video walls.
For general domestic lighting, total cost of ownership of LED lighting is still much higher than for other well established lighting types.
Carbon arc lamps consist of 2 carbon rod electrodes in open air, supplied by a current-limiting ballast. The arc is struck by touching the rods then separating them. The ensuing arc heats the carbon tips to white heat. These lamps have higher efficacy than filament lamps, but the carbon rods are short lived and require constant adjustment in use. The lamps produce significant ultra-violet output, they require ventilation when used indoors, and due to their intensity they need protecting from direct sight.
Carbon arc lamps operate at high powers, and had relatively high efficiency compared to other pre-1920s light sources. They also are a point source of light. These properties made them ideally suited to search lights, follow spots and film projector lights.
Their need for ongoing attendance and adjustment, and frequent rod replacement made them ill suited to general lighting, though they were used for high power lighting in the years when nothing else with comparable output power existed. Carbon arcs fell out of use even for niche applications during and after World War 2.
A discharge lamp has a glass or silica envelope containing 2 metal electrodes separated by a gas. Gases used include, neon, argon, xenon, sodium, metal halide, and mercury.
The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp, but the term \'arc lamp\' is normally used to refer to carbon arc lamps, with more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called \'discharge lamps\'.
With some discharge lamps, very high voltage is used to strike the arc. This requires an electrical circuit called an igniter, which is part of the ballast circuitry. After the arc is struck, the internal resistance of the lamp drops to a low level, and the ballast limits the current to the operating current. Without a ballast, excess current would flow, causing rapid destruction of the lamp.
Some lamp types contain a little neon, which permits striking at normal running voltage, with no external ignitor circuitry. Low pressure sodium lamps operate this way.
The simplest ballasts are just an inductor, and are chosen where cost is the deciding factor, such as street lighting. More advanced electronic ballasts may be designed to maintain constant light output over the life of the lamp, may drive the lamp with a square wave to maintain completely flicker-free output, and shut down in the event of certain faults. These more complex ballasts are chosen in the film industry for example.
Filament lamps have long been used as fast acting thermistors in electronic circuits. Popular uses have included:
In circuit diagrams lamps usually are shown as symbols. For example, an electrician would not want to have to keep on drawing out light bulbs so symbols are used instead. There are two main types of symbols, these are:
The X in a circle, which usually represents a lamp in an exit fixture
The semi-circled dent in a circle, which usually represents standard filament lamps.
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